VOORSTEL TOT LANDELIJK INTEGRAAL WATERBEHEER
Door: W. Borm en C. Huijgens
Inleiding
Bij hoge rivierafvoeren ligt de Biesbosch op de overgang van doorvoer naar noodberging. Stagnatie van doorstroming in het Hollandsch Diep vergroot op zo´n tijdstip het overstromingsrisico in de regio ten oosten van Moerdijk. Met een andere inrichting van de Zeeuwse Delta is dit te voorkomen.
De wisselende beschikbaarheid van zoet water blijkt voor herinrichting een beperkende factor. Daarom hebben we de samenhang tussen de zoetwaterafvoeren van de Zeeuwse Delta, het IJsselmeer en de Nieuwe Waterweg in onderstaand advies betrokken.
Een sluis in de Nieuwe Waterweg
Om de indring van zout tegen te gaan leiden we momenteel het meeste rivierwater door de Nieuwe Waterweg naar zee. Gigantische hoeveelheden zoet water raken we zo kwijt. Doen we dat niet, dan gaan diverse zoetwaterinnamepunten verloren. Met de stijging van het zeeniveau wordt het op termijn voor de veiligheid van de Rijnmond en de Drechtsteden onvermijdelijk dat er sluizen in de Nieuwe Waterweg komen. Waarom, met dat toekomstbeeld, nu al niet het besluit genomen die sluizen aan te brengen?
Wanneer de Maeslantkering niet goed functioneert zijn de gevolgen voor het achterland desastreus. Een sluizencomplex in de Nieuwe Waterweg betekent extra beveiliging. Door “het lek van Holland” te dichten vormt de beschikbaarheid van zoet water geen beperkende factor meer voor landelijke integrale waterhuishouding. Hoewel de scheepvaartsector niet zit te wachten op een extra hindernis, komt er spoedig een onderzoek naar een `afsluitbaar open´ Rijnmond. Zodra er sluizen komen is er zoet water voorhanden om de delta gezond te maken, kan men onder meer de verzilting van de landbouwgronden in Zuid-Holland tegengaan en is er genoeg voorraad om aan de vraag naar zoet water te voldoen. De aanleg van de zeesluizen is een kostbare, maar effectieve investering om Nederland klimaatbestendig te maken. Hiermee krijgt men de veiligheid én het waterbeheer van Nederland op orde.
Uit ecologisch oogpunt zijn permanente en geleidelijke overgangen van zout naar zoet belangrijk. Voor de veiligheid, landbouw en economie speelt het terugdringen van de toenemende rivieropwaartse invloed van de zee een rol. Beide zijn haalbaar door verlenging van de routes naar zee.
Een gezonde Zeeuwse Delta
Drie zaken die van belang zijn om in de Zuidwestelijke Delta de veiligheid te waarborgen en de maatregelen van Ruimte voor de Rivier te laten werken zijn:
– het gebruik van de voormalige zeegaten als noodberging voor het rivierwater,
– het behoud van verval en doorstroming bij hoge rivierafvoeren en
– meer spuimogelijkheden naar zee.
Daar is weinig twijfel over, maar hoe zit het met natuur en milieu?
De weg naar een gezonde delta
Met de Deltawerken bleef het zoute getijdenmilieu in de Oosterschelde behouden. Het rivierwater wordt door de Nieuwe Waterweg en het Haringvliet naar zee afgevoerd en de voormalige zeegaten zijn van elkaar gescheiden. De Zeeuwse oppervlaktewateren werden kwalitatief minder en scoren intussen op veel punten ‘slecht ‘ of ‘ontoereikend’. De Tweede Kamer wil voortvarend werken aan het gezond maken van de Zuidwestelijke Delta in combinatie met de bijstelling van de veiligheidsnormen voor hoogwater.
Doorstroming is meestal de oplossing voor de ontstane problemen als vermesting, blauwalgen, wisselingen en abrupte overgangen van milieu, zuurstofloosheid en zandhonger. Doorstroming middels rivierwaterafvoer en getijden.
Het zoete rivierwater dat nu via de kortste weg wordt geloosd, dient zoveel mogelijk door de wateren van de delta te gaan, zich te mengen met het zoute water onder invloed van getijdendynamiek en pas bij de stormvloedkering in zee te stromen. Zo wordt de Oosterschelde de levensader van een duurzame en gezonde delta.
De rivieren als ruggengraat van de EHS
In de stroomgebieden van de rivieren is tientallen jaren gewerkt aan onder meer beekherstel, vispassages, natuurvriendelijke oevers en vloeiweiden. Deze maatregelen worden pas echt effectief bij een blijvende overgang van zout naar zoet. De natuurlijke relatie tussen rivieren en zee kan zich dan herstellen en de rivieren kunnen de ruggengraat gaan vormen van de Ecologische Hoofdstructuur, het netwerk van de Nederlandse natuur.
De Kier en wisselende milieuomstandigheden
Het complex van de Haringvlietsluizen vormt vanaf 1970 de regelkraan van de Nederlandse rivierwaterhuishouding. Door alleen te spuien, lozen we er zoetwatervis in zee en kunnen trekvissen onze rivieren niet bereiken. Het plan ontstond om enkele sluisdeuren de klok rond op een kier te zetten, maar door lage rivierafvoeren in de zomer en door sluitingen als gevolg van hoge zeewaterstanden kan de Kier maar 6 tot 8 maanden per jaar werken. Het Kierproject is veel te rooskleurig voorgespiegeld. Het zout mag niet verder dan 8 km ten oosten van de sluizen binnendringen. Met zo´n beperking is ecologisch weinig winst te behalen. Milieuwisselingen, abrupte overgangen en zoetwaterschokken staan haaks op het streven naar gezonde deltawateren. Op 1 januari 2009 zijn de sluizen op een kier gezet. Het komend jaar zal een beeld geven van de gevolgen. Spoedig is een heldere afweging mogelijk.
Toelichting bij de schets voor doorstroming
Het deltamilieu is gebaat met doorstroming voor het oplossen van de huidige problemen. Dit kan door te meanderen, zonder hinder voor de scheepvaart. Het rivierwater gaat daarom in de schets met een S-bocht naar zee.
De zee komt relatief verder weg te liggen en stroomsnelheden nemen af. Hierdoor is het achterland beter beschermd tegen hoge zeewaterstanden en opwaaiende westenwind.
Schets voor doorstroming:
Dit vermindert de gevreesde landinwaartse invloed van zee, als gevolg van zeespiegelstijging of lage zomerafvoeren, en maakt tevens een permanente en geleidelijke overgang van zout naar zoet mogelijk. Het Haringvliet blijft zoet, de Grevelingen krijgt doorstroming met gereduceerd getij en de Oosterschelde wordt weer een estuariummonding. Het huidige zoute en stilstaande milieu in de Grevelingen ondergaat de grootste veranderingen. Dit verandert in een getijdengebied met doorstroming en overgangen van brak naar zout. Bij extreem hoge rivierafvoeren wordt van tevoren op drie plaatsen gespuid en kan de op dat moment maximaal haalbare bergingscapaciteit gebruikt worden. Dit garandeert de afwatering van onder meer het gebied van het Waterschap de Brabantse Delta. Het water van het Hollandsch Diep kan blijven doorstromen, zodat stagnatie met de gevreesde peilverhoging in de Biesboschregio uitblijft en de kans op overstroming in het Rijnmondgebied vermindert. De Oosterschelde blijft onder alle omstandigheden zout. Doorstroming en getijden zijn gunstig voor schelpdierculturen en het aangevoerde sediment kan op de lange termijn de onbalans die zandhonger veroorzaakt herstellen. Bij hoge rivierenafvoeren spuien de Haringvlietsluizen tijdig het overtollige rivierwater lozen om tijdelijke verzoeting van de Oosterschelde voorkomen. De te nemen maatregelen spreken voor zich: een doorsteek tussen Stellendam en Melissant, er komen extra spuimogelijkheden in de Brouwersdam en ga zo maar door.
Integrale planvorming
Nu de kwaliteit van Rijn en Maas is verbeterd, wordt het tijd om de visgronden van de Noordzee en de delta weer te voeden met de door de rivieren meegevoerde voedingsstoffen. Stabilisering van het zoete milieu in het Haringvliet zal een positieve invloed hebben op aangrenzende natuurgebieden. Dit is ook economisch van belang en voorkomt verdere verzilting van het grondwater. Momenteel wordt nog overwogen om de randmeren tegen Brabant zout te maken om de symptomen van overmatige bemesting te bestrijden. Bij voldoende beschikbaarheid van zoet water, kan dit door de randmeren stromen om deze te reinigen en het water te verversen. Zoet water in de randmeren gaat de verzilting van West-Brabant tegen. De scheepvaart door het Zoommeer heeft hierbij geen getijden.
Een gezonde delta is op termijn goed voor recreatie, landbouw, scheepvaart, industrie, visserij, schelpdiercultuur, natuur en milieu. Langs de rivieren wordt inmiddels gericht gewerkt volgens de Planologische Kernbeslissing Ruimte voor de Rivier. Aansluitend is de delta aan zet.
Een veilig en duurzaam systeem rond de Afsluitdijk
De huidige Afsluitdijk voldoet niet meer aan de eisen. In augustus 2008 verscheen dan ook het rapport “Toekomst Afsluitdijk, acht integrale visies”. De veiligheid waarborgen is van nationaal belang, maar daarnaast spelen natuur en milieu een grote rol. De voorkeur heeft een duurzame vorm van rivierwaterafvoer met herstel van de ecologische relaties in combinatie met maximale veiligheid.
De samenhang van de Zuidwestelijke Delta en het IJsselmeer
In het rapport “Samen werken met water” van de Deltacommissie wordt voorgesteld het waterpeil van het IJsselmeer op termijn te verhogen. Dit advies stuit op praktische problemen. Het voorstel vereist hoge investeringen en aanpassingen die niet in een kort tijdsbestek gerealiseerd kunnen worden en het verkleint de kansen voor herstel van een natuurlijke overgang van zout naar zoet. Voor de zoetwatervoorraad van Nederland is het eenvoudiger om het zoete oppervlak in het IJsselmeer veilig te stellen, in combinatie met het behoud van de zoetwatervoorraden in de Zuidwestelijke Delta. In de Zeeuwse Delta kan bovendien de waterberging bij hoge rivierafvoeren zodanig worden vergroot, dat rivierwateropvang in het IJsselmeer minder urgent is.
Bouwen met de natuur
Er is in de verkenning “Toekomst Afsluitdijk” voorgesteld om het voorland in te zetten voor de veiligheid door ondiepten te verhogen. Op deze wijze ontstaat een meegroeiende voorzeewering met vooroevers. In de vorm van een voordijk met golfbrekers kan deze de Afsluitdijk tegen het robuuste water beschermen en tevens een ecologische meerwaarde geven aan de Waddenzee. Een tweede voorstel is de aanleg van een natuurdijk aan de binnenzijde van de afsluitdijk voor de opvang van zilte overslag en opwaaiing.
Combineren tot een gezond systeem
Het IJsselmeer moet als zoetwaterreservoir onder alle omstandigheden zoet blijven. Daarnaast wordt het water van West-Nederland via het IJsselmeer afgevoerd. Een permanente en geleidelijke overgang van zout naar zoet is ecologisch van belang en draagt ertoe bij dat de IJssel weer in het natuurlijke systeem terugkeert. Hierbij dienen milieuwisselingen, zoetwaterschokken en abrupte overgangen voorkomen te worden. Dit vraagt om een gecontroleerde verbinding met de Waddenzeedynamiek in plaats van zoet water te spuien in zee.
Schets voor doorstroming:
We stellen een combinatie voor van een voordijk en een natuurdijk, aansluitend op het verhoogde Makkummerzand. Wellicht een kostbare aangelegenheid, maar de dijken kunnen op ondiepten gesitueerd worden en mogen lager blijven dan de Afsluitdijk. De aanleg kan samengaan met baggerwerkzaamheden elders.
De vorm van de schets voor doorstroming is schematisch. Op deze wijze ontstaat een lus van vele tientallen kilometers, waarlangs het rivierwater wordt afgevoerd via een open verbinding met zee, zonder dat er van indring van zout in het IJsselmeer sprake is. Met afwisselende kribben gaat het water meanderen, waardoor de af te leggen weg naar de Waddenzee nog eens aanzienlijk wordt vergroot en de stroomsnelheid afneemt.
Voor noodsituaties is een stormvloedkering in de Afsluitdijk aan de zijde van Noord Holland gewenst. Bij hoge rivierafvoeren kan de bestaande spuisluis aan de Friese kant worden ingezet. Met de zeespiegelstijging gaat het peil van het IJsselmeer geleidelijk omhoog en blijft spuien onder vrij verval mogelijk. Scheepvaart, recreatie en visserij
De gemotoriseerde scheepvaart blijft gebruik maken van de aanwezige schutsluizen. Voor het nieuwe estuariene gebied naast de Afsluitdijk komen ongekende mogelijkheden voor natuurgerichte recreatie en ongemotoriseerd verkeer. Een open verbinding naar zee herstelt de visrijkdom met trekvissen die hier oorspronkelijk via de Zuiderzee onze zoete wateren opzochten.
Slot
Tal van innovatieve en prestigieuze plannen bereiken ons via de media. Brainstorming over een toekomst met het water is een goede zaak, zolang we realistisch blijven en de beschikbare middelen zinvol gebruiken. Dat laatste was niet altijd mogelijk. Diverse lopende projecten, bestaande voorzieningen en gebiedsinrichtingen zijn immers gebaseerd op een onzekere toekomst.
Het Nationaal Waterplan geeft zekerheid en kan veel wijzigen. Ten oosten van de Nieuwe Waterweg liggen zoetwatergetijdengebieden die mettertijd zullen verdwijnen. Natuurgebieden die ontstaan zijn na de Deltawerken hebben vaak al een erkende status en hoge waarden, maar sommige zullen sterk veranderen. Plannen in het Haringvliet die rekenen op terugkeer van getijden kunnen weleens niet doorgaan. Daarentegen ontstaan er nieuwe en duurzame getijdengebieden bij het herstel van de estuariene dynamiek.
De komende veranderingen vragen hoe dan ook van velen flexibiliteit om bestaande idealen los te laten en alsnog achter een keuze te gaan staan die op termijn het beste is voor veiligheid, economie en milieu. Zodra het raamwerk voor de totale planvorming is vastgesteld, kan in het verlengde van de PKB Ruimte voor de Rivier effectief gewerkt worden.
Het eindresultaat dient de huidige situatie ruimschoots te verbeteren en de richting te bepalen voor een klimaatbestendig Nederland.
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Hey there just wanted to give you a quick heads up and let you know a few of the pictures aren’t loading properly. I’m not sure why but I think its a linking issue. I’ve tried it in two different browsers and both show the same results.
Thanks for your publication. I also believe that laptop computers have grown to be more and more popular right now, and now are often the only type of computer utilized in a household. This is due to the fact that at the same time actually becoming more and more affordable, their processing power keeps growing to the point where they can be as potent as desktop out of just a few in years past.
I really like your blog.. very nice colors & theme. Did you make this website yourself or did you hire someone to do it for you? Plz reply as I’m looking to create my own blog and would like to know where u got this from. many thanks
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I know this if off topic but I’m looking into starting my own blog and was curious what all is required to get set up? I’m assuming having a blog like yours would cost a pretty penny? I’m not very web smart so I’m not 100 sure. Any suggestions or advice would be greatly appreciated. Thanks
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Wonderful blog you have here but I was wanting to know if you knew of any message boards that cover the same topics talked about in this article? I’d really love to be a part of group where I can get comments from other experienced individuals that share the same interest. If you have any recommendations, please let me know. Thanks a lot!
Heya are using WordPress for your blog platform? I’m new to the blog world but I’m trying to get started and set up my own. Do you require any html coding knowledge to make your own blog? Any help would be really appreciated!
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I have seen loads of useful things on your web site about personal computers. However, I have got the opinion that lap tops are still not quite powerful enough to be a wise decision if you generally do jobs that require loads of power, for instance video touch-ups. But for net surfing, microsoft word processing, and a lot other typical computer work they are okay, provided you never mind the tiny screen size. Appreciate sharing your notions.
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One thing I would like to say is before getting more computer memory, have a look at the machine within which it will be installed. Should the machine is actually running Windows XP, for instance, a memory ceiling is 3.25GB. Putting in in excess of this would merely constitute any waste. Be sure that one’s motherboard can handle your upgrade amount, as well. Great blog post.
naturally like your web site but you have to take a look at the spelling on quite a few of your posts. Many of them are rife with spelling problems and I find it very troublesome to tell the reality however I?ll certainly come back again.
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Via my notice, shopping for electronic devices online may be easily expensive, nonetheless there are some tips that you can use to help you get the best bargains. There are often ways to uncover discount specials that could help to make one to buy the best gadgets products at the cheapest prices. Great blog post.
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Thanks for your post. One other thing is that individual states have their own laws that affect property owners, which makes it extremely tough for the Congress to come up with a whole new set of recommendations concerning property foreclosures on property owners. The problem is that a state has got own laws which may have impact in a damaging manner in terms of foreclosure guidelines.
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Hmm it appears like your blog ate my first comment (it was super long) so I guess I’ll just sum it up what I wrote and say, I’m thoroughly enjoying your blog. I as well am an aspiring blog writer but I’m still new to the whole thing. Do you have any recommendations for rookie blog writers? I’d definitely appreciate it.